Closing

In conclusion, School Management or Study Management must not be taken lightly. Education is where a nation is build in terms of knowledge and also quality. Without education, the nation will not have an advantage of having better leaders.

Besides that, the teaching profession too should not be looked-down upon as an easy job. They are also members of the society that holds on a huge burden of looking out not only for their children, but the community's children too. They are lifelong learners and educators and should be much appreciated by the community.

Chapter 13 : School and It's Environment

The school's environment not only involves students and teachers, they also include the parents, and the community surrounding the school.
With that being said, the environment it self has set the school as the heart of the community. This also resulted in parents taking part in their children's school. Hence, the formation of PTA ( Parent Teacher Association) or known locally as PIBG ( Persatuan Ibu Bapa dan Guru )

This Association is contributed by volunteered parents, and also some staffs from the school including the headmaster. The head of president of the association should not be from anyone of the school staff, and it needs to be amongst parents who are registered under the PTA. However, the headmaster of the school will need to be elected as Vice President or as an Associates Adviser as the association is formed and intended for the well-being of the school.

They are responsible of helping out the school in terms of needs that are not met by the government, such as supplies of :
- Techs
- Space
- Support   and many more

Besides that, they are given the power to decide and plan the annual sports day or community celebration such as Canteen Day and many more.
Members of the PTA must have at least one child attending the school to be ineligibly counted as the member of the association

Chapter 12 : Different Ability Management

Different ability management emphasizes on what different ability means.
This emphasizes on students who are :


- Special needs
- Genius students

Special needs is a huge umbrella. The most common special needs term are under the Autistic Spectrum Disorder, or known as ASD. Underneath ASD there are lots of different types of Autism.
More reads about the characteristic and also signs of Autism here

Genius Students are known for being very skilled in a certain field or subject. The different fields includes the categories from Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory,

More on Howard's Theory here

Chapter 11 : Multi-cultural Management

Multi-cultural is not only based on ethnicity, it is also meant to help children in diversity of ability. Meaning special needs students who will be needing special accommodations when it comes to learning.

Students are defined as different in terms of :-
- Different mental ability
- Different physical ability
- Different race, religion, ethnicity (Includes originates)
- Different need in teaching styles (Visual or Audio Etc)

This is where the importance of the teacher to take up her role and do her duties. According to the differences and diversity if ability in the community, the government then provides different types of school to accommodate the needs, they are :

Special School
It is for students with special needs. The school is equipped with professionals who are trained to teach and work with  the special accommodation environment. It does not only give support to the students, this school too give support to the parents and families of their students

Integrated School
It is a normal public school that accepts special students, who will have their own special class. These students are permitted to enter the normal set classroom for certain subjects, and then will need to return back to their own classroom after the period ends

Inclusive School
This school not only accept special students, but they do not have a designated classroom for the students. The students will be included in normal classes through out the day. However, the student with special needs will need clearance from their therapists and doctors, allowing them to enter a normal setting classroom, before registering to any inclusive schools.

Other accommodations for students who are different race, religion, ethnicity and teaching styles are protected by law of having :
- Non-discriminating law in education in the Child Act 2001
   This includes not being racist, favouritism, culture-biased and any discriminating act.

Chapter 10 : Student Counseling Management

Each public school are provided with a student's counselling center. Working there will be licensed counselors that are hired by the government. The counseling center provides counseling sessions either group or individual, career test, and peers support.

There are 5 main phases of a counseling process :

Phase 1 
This phase is also known as realization. Realization must be accepted by the school staffs and also the counseling teachers as a problem or a case arise. The first line of defense when it comes to student's problems should always be their class teachers as they are the ones who understands their students better

Phase 2 
All teachers attending the school needs to be trained on guidance counseling courses to help and support a students situation. This way, the burden is distributed and not dependent solely on the licensed counselors as there are only limited number of counselors. Courses taken should include :
- Personality Development Skills
- Listening and Understanding Skills
- Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Skills
- Skills in Identifying Signs
- Theory and Techniques is Counseling


Phase 3
The teachers who have completed the courses will then put them into use. There are 3 types of student counseling sessions that can be done
i) To students who voluntary sign up for counseling
ii) Students who are on an observation period
iii) Identified students that needs counseling

Phase 4
The counseling session begins with these steps :
i) Building a rapport between the student/students and the counselor/teacher
ii) Explore or unpack the purposes of them getting help
iii) Rephrasing and building goals throughout the session on how to get better
iv) Setting up alternatives and an action plan
v) Putting the plan into action and observe
vi) If the plan succeeds, the relationship between the counselor and students end. If not, or the student falls into relapse, then the steps are repeated

Reasons For Counseling :

1- Family Problems

2- Financial Problems

3- Peer Pressure

4- Personal Factors

5- Career

6- Academic Performance

7- University Placement

These are the common factors that affects a student to be stressed and burden. Hence, needing counseling sessions. 

Detailed reads here

Chapter 9 : Classroom Behaviour and Discipline Management

As stated from Chapter 5, there are such system that will be updated by the school on behavioural and disciplinary records. It is also known as SSDM " Sistem Salahlaku Disiplin Murid ".
So how does disciplinary and behaviour are being managed in school ?

Let look at the theories that has been explained in Chapter 1 . We can learn how misbehaving occurs through the three main theories :

Functionalism Theory
The theory believes that the structure of social status attains the harmony of a community. It is said that it is being measure through three aspects : Stability, Harmony and Evolution .
Without these three aspects, a community cannot succeed or move forward. Why such thing happens when the three aspects seems easy ?
When people acts out of the norm where it does not support the aspects that makes a community great, they are called Deviants. And deviants are this entity that changes the social status of the community.    ( Read More )

Conflict Theory
Deviance too exists in the conflict theory. It believes that the power of education will change the nation by segregating social status to equal as they all receive education opportunities. However, the gap between social status could not be bridge, and people who are repressed or considered minorities of the lower social status goes against the system by refusing education. These too are known as Deviants.

Interactionalism Theory 
Deviance happens when people in a community tends to be selfish into not communicating with each other on how they would like to live. Lack of communication and interaction has made the theory proof of deviance happens when the community no longer speaks or communicate in the same wavelength.

So said theories discuss on how deviants are viewed. Now back to the educational point of view, students who commits deductible merit points of doing offence, are actually accountable of being a deviant. A school is a community, and a person who commits offences and goes out of the norm will be accountable for punishment. However, not all punishments are solved in a one-solution manner. They are looked into, discussed by teachers of the Disciplinary Department before taking actions.

Example of records in the SSDM system

All recorded accountable will be recorded online, and it is accessible for the school, teachers and also parents. Guidelines as to what merit point worth can be found here

Chapter 7 : Source Management

There are many sources that can be used while preparing or doing a lesson. Sources in schools are usually obtained from a resource center that is also known locally as "Pusat Sumber". Each government school either primary or secondary school are provided with a space for a resourcing. The resource center is also known as the school's library. However, the library does not just contain books, but it contains :

- Daily or Archived Newspapers

- Public Computers for brief information surf

- A Media Room ( For screening purposes )

- Magazines

- Television

The center is open for all, only that it is accessible to students before school (for evening session students), during recess and also after school until the evening school session ends. 

Classes are not advised to be done in the resource center/library. However, it is encouraged for students to fully utilize the center to find information on upcoming class or individual projects, finding a book to read in their free time by borrowing, or even simply reading the newspaper. Below are some pictures of what the resource center/library looks like

 A sample picture of "Pusat Sumber"

More pictures here !

Chapter 6 : Classroom Management & Strategies (Chapter 8)

After deciding how you want to teach, it is time to set the classroom up !
In order for a teacher to set up their classrooms, there are measures to be considered before setting it up. Things to take into account is :

a) Physical Aspects
b) Social and Emotional Aspects
c) Technicality or Tech Resources

Physical Aspect 

The physical of a classroom relates with space, furniture and also the well being of the class. The class needs to be spacious and can accommodate number of students accordingly. Besides that, how the furniture is lined up too needs to be considered as it can give a sight of discomfort for the students and will effect their learning process as it is a disturbance. Besides that, a classroom too needs to be safe. Safe meaning that all doors, windows, whiteboard and etc are installed properly and are not a hazard. A door might have a small chip, but it can harm students in a way that we can't possibly imagine.

Social and Emotional Aspect

Placement of students plays a huge role in the socializing area. A good classroom is where children are mixed in terms of race, religion and ethnicity to avoid bias circles. However, accommodations needs to be met when a student is in need. Lets say that in a class of tall students, there are 3 small and relatively short in height students present in the class, the smaller ones will need to be placed upfront so that frustration of not being able to see does not induce. Besides that, by decorating the class with bright colours too can uplift the emotion of the class.

Technicality / Tech Resources

If the class needs visual aids, or tech support, a teacher should be able to provide if there are any tech support or materials provided by the school. Living the 21st Century, technology is also used widely in education that helps children to adapt in attaining knowledge as well as getting them. Accommodations should be provided as and when it is suitable. The most common Tech for class use are :
i) Speakers
ii) Projector
iii) Projector Screen
iv) VGA/HDMI Cables

Chapter 5 : Student Management

To make the classroom experience nice and smooth, student management needs to be handled with care, precise, and also in a systematic manner. This includes keeping records of the students, as well as helping students getting the appropriate need that is needed either Mentally, Physically or even Culturally.

These data collected for students accommodation is collected via systems that are made available by the Malaysian Government, Ministry Of Education.

In Malaysia, there is an online system where Teachers get to access to update their student's records in real time. There are such systems that provides different information:

i) APDM (Applikasi Pangkalan Data Murid ) Student's Data Platform

Here !

ii) SSDM (Sistem Salahlaku Disiplin Murid) Student's Behavioural Record

Here !

iii) SAPS ( Sistem Analisis Peperiksaan Sekolah) Student's Results Analysis System

Here !

Each year, teachers in government schools are sent for training to learn how to use the systems as listed above. Each and every year, the Ministry of Education of Malaysia tends to upgrade their system, so new training will have to scheduled. Teachers are responsible in up keeping the data inside these systems for parents to use.  All information are confidential, as they are made accessible exclusively for parents and teachers, as well as the schools system.

Source : Click !

Chapter 4 : Organization and Leadership in Education

Teaching Styles 

Leadership in education refers to how well do you handle a classroom. This includes teacher's style of teaching her students. There are fairly few types of teaching style that has different purposes. Teaching style helps teachers to connect with their students in order to deliver knowledge in a more effective, collective and collaborative way. They are delivered in certain ways such as :

                                                     i) Autocratic       iii) Laissez-Faire
                                                     ii) Democratic    iv) Contingency

These styles are further discussed according to the image provided above.

Autocratic method is more on a one way communication between the Teacher and the students. It does not give much choice, and are close ended lesson. This method sounds harsh, However, it may be suitable you certain occasions, based on situations. For example, a teacher in a kindergarten will give such instructions like "We need to wash our hands after going outside, now everyone wash their hands!"
It is because it is logical, and unarguable that it is a need. You dont hear a teacher asking their students to either wash their hands, or wipe them on their pants, right ?

Democratic style is where the Teacher takes into account of their student's choices in attaining or deciding some things. This shows a two-way communication, but it is still relatively Teacher Centered. For example, a physical education teacher might ask on whether would they rather play football, or basketball for the session. He/She is still encouraging students to play on the class period, but necessarily giving them a choice on what to play.

Laissez-Faire is a french word meaning laid-back. This is related with the teacher's laid-back teaching style where she is more open and takes into account suggestions from the students. This can be seen in a playschool setting where a Teacher might ask, "What do we want to do today?". This means that the children gets to choose, and the teacher will follow suit. This method is student centered, because the teacher tends to not lead, but follow through.

Contingency however is not present in the picture provided. This is because, it is related with the The Law Of The Situation by Mary Parker Follett. Readable here. It is concluded as where the teacher acts or teaches according to the situation. It could be an Autocratic method, or a Democratic method or even Laissez-Faire method, according to the present situation. For instance, in a science lab, a sudden flame outbursts, and the teacher directs all students to exit the lab, and have their class outside. Or in a Kindergarten setting, an animal that was picked by the children to be pet of the month, died and the teacher had to replace to a new pet by not asking for suggestions, but continued to teach about the TLC of having a pet.



Source : Click ! 

Chapter 3 : Management in Learning

This chapter emphasizes on how an educator in Malaysia can manage their way into teaching strategies in terms of classroom management, self development in the teaching profession, the ethics and moral of how a teacher should be and many more. It will show a more systematic way on how to manage basically from top to bottom in the pedagogical way.

The type of management that is usually used in the education field :
Methods of teaching 
  - Student Centered
  - Material Centered
  - Teacher Centered
  - Mixed ( teacher, student and material centered )

Teaching system management :
  - Management of Materials
  - Venue Management ( Class/ Special Rooms )
  - Time Management
  - Educators Management ( Teacher's Timetable )

Therefore, these will need to be implemented. However, in order to have those carried out, a teacher needs to have these measures in themselves to enable them to carry out their tasks. Those are :
i) Student's details
ii) Pedagogy
iii) Curriculum
iv) Teaching Pedagogy
v) Contents of Subjects that they are assigned to/ majoring in
vi) Malaysian Education Context

When a teacher is teaching the Malaysian curriculum, He/She needs to know how to manage their lesson according to the National's Pre-School/Primary/Secondary Curriculum. Each lesson includes a teaching manual and is decided and written by the teacher before lessons commence. They are required to : Plan, Implement and Conclude each and every lesson. Conclude means that they will need to evaluate their student's performance and understanding in class.

They would also have to take into inclusion of the student's culture and limitations when doing the lesson, as we are all aware of there are students with different ability that will attend the same classes.

National Standard Pre-school Curriculum in Malaysia

Example of a Textbook ( Bahasa Malaysia Tingkatan 4 )

Teachers can vary their teaching sessions by using different methods and approaches as long as it is simultaneous with the National's Curriculum. It is up to the teachers on how they want to conduct it.
Materials provided by the Government are mostly are :
- Textbooks approved or published by the Ministry of Education
- Facilities provided by the Government in government schools
- The National's Curriculum textbook for teachers/educators

It will be more detailed once we move on to other chapters.

Chapter 2 : Learning Interaction

In order for a teacher to teach, and interaction needs to happen. Either its a one way interaction or a two-way communication. When interaction happens, communication takes place and an information exchange will commence. Teaching is suppose to help students or individuals who are willing to learn gain information, and develops understanding of a certain matter.

Socialization takes place where we learn about our status, roles in a society and one's morality or behaviour in a social context. Socialization takes place in a few stages :

i) Primary Socialization
among close family like parents and siblings. It is where they develop motor skills, self concept, personality, communication skills and composition.

ii) Secondary Socialization
is where the primary socialization system becomes a support of them coming out of the circle into stepping into a smaller outside world circle. This is where they meet their friends, teachers, and other school staff and school community. It is also where they find a place in the community as to where they fit best.

iii) Re-socialization
This only happens when a person who has been living in a certain norm, joins another community and has to re-learn the ways of living in another community. It is where they put adaptation to use into fitting in the new way of life. An example can be made, i.e : A person who is so used of living a western lifestyle, decides to move to an Asian country, and has to re-learn on what is acceptable in th asian community, as well as the do's and don't s in the particular environment.

A few factors on how Socialization happens is by :
- Family
- Religion
- Education
- Economy
- Government / Environmental Political factors

In a school context, socialization are naturally segregated into these categories :

- students who have the same intellectual ability
- students who have higher intellectual ability
- students in a mixed ability group
- students who are grouped together according to tasks

Students can interact in a few ways too :
i) one way communication
electing a group leader in a group

ii) two way communication
the interaction between a group leader and his/her sub-ordinates

iii) two way group communication
when groups interact by communicating as a group to another to get a task done

Chapter 1 : Understanding Sociology and Learning Theories

What is Sociology ?

Sociology means a scientific and a systematic research done based on human interaction in a community from various perspective.

Perspectives is defined by :

- Stratification

- Culture

- Population 

and many more.

According to Sociology, there are few main theories :
A) The Functionalism Theory
B) The Conflict Theory
C) The Interactionism Symbolic Theory

A) Functionalism Theory views a community has their own functions. Community refers to group of people and individuals. And each of them have their own roles to play into making a community work. It is viewed like a human body where each anatomy has its own purpose and function into making the body functional.

B) The Conflict Theory is a study where each conflicts are viewed from a perspective. Karl Marx believes that each community needs a conflict in order to move forward. That when something happens, the community will turn into realization where they are in  need of change.

C) The Interactionism Symbolic Theory
Human or as a matter of fact any human being, uses a certain symbol to communicate between one another. This symbol refers to the use of spoken language, written language, body language, and  any tool that helps with communicating.

Education too is part of sociology. According to John Dewey, education means an individual process of gaining knowledge and information. And from a Muslim scholar, education means a whole process of self development that is well balanced. But the main purpose of education is a develop one's self holistically. This includes, physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects.

When putting Sociology and Education together, it serves a different meaning.
It is systematic and scientific research on the relationship between education and community that later influences on the goals and purposes as well as curriculum in teaching or pedagogy.

Therefore, Education should be viewed or valued as an investment, socialization as well as an effort of community or citizens development.