Closing

In conclusion, School Management or Study Management must not be taken lightly. Education is where a nation is build in terms of knowledge and also quality. Without education, the nation will not have an advantage of having better leaders.

Besides that, the teaching profession too should not be looked-down upon as an easy job. They are also members of the society that holds on a huge burden of looking out not only for their children, but the community's children too. They are lifelong learners and educators and should be much appreciated by the community.

Chapter 13 : School and It's Environment

The school's environment not only involves students and teachers, they also include the parents, and the community surrounding the school.
With that being said, the environment it self has set the school as the heart of the community. This also resulted in parents taking part in their children's school. Hence, the formation of PTA ( Parent Teacher Association) or known locally as PIBG ( Persatuan Ibu Bapa dan Guru )

This Association is contributed by volunteered parents, and also some staffs from the school including the headmaster. The head of president of the association should not be from anyone of the school staff, and it needs to be amongst parents who are registered under the PTA. However, the headmaster of the school will need to be elected as Vice President or as an Associates Adviser as the association is formed and intended for the well-being of the school.

They are responsible of helping out the school in terms of needs that are not met by the government, such as supplies of :
- Techs
- Space
- Support   and many more

Besides that, they are given the power to decide and plan the annual sports day or community celebration such as Canteen Day and many more.
Members of the PTA must have at least one child attending the school to be ineligibly counted as the member of the association

Chapter 12 : Different Ability Management

Different ability management emphasizes on what different ability means.
This emphasizes on students who are :


- Special needs
- Genius students

Special needs is a huge umbrella. The most common special needs term are under the Autistic Spectrum Disorder, or known as ASD. Underneath ASD there are lots of different types of Autism.
More reads about the characteristic and also signs of Autism here

Genius Students are known for being very skilled in a certain field or subject. The different fields includes the categories from Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory,

More on Howard's Theory here

Chapter 11 : Multi-cultural Management

Multi-cultural is not only based on ethnicity, it is also meant to help children in diversity of ability. Meaning special needs students who will be needing special accommodations when it comes to learning.

Students are defined as different in terms of :-
- Different mental ability
- Different physical ability
- Different race, religion, ethnicity (Includes originates)
- Different need in teaching styles (Visual or Audio Etc)

This is where the importance of the teacher to take up her role and do her duties. According to the differences and diversity if ability in the community, the government then provides different types of school to accommodate the needs, they are :

Special School
It is for students with special needs. The school is equipped with professionals who are trained to teach and work with  the special accommodation environment. It does not only give support to the students, this school too give support to the parents and families of their students

Integrated School
It is a normal public school that accepts special students, who will have their own special class. These students are permitted to enter the normal set classroom for certain subjects, and then will need to return back to their own classroom after the period ends

Inclusive School
This school not only accept special students, but they do not have a designated classroom for the students. The students will be included in normal classes through out the day. However, the student with special needs will need clearance from their therapists and doctors, allowing them to enter a normal setting classroom, before registering to any inclusive schools.

Other accommodations for students who are different race, religion, ethnicity and teaching styles are protected by law of having :
- Non-discriminating law in education in the Child Act 2001
   This includes not being racist, favouritism, culture-biased and any discriminating act.

Chapter 10 : Student Counseling Management

Each public school are provided with a student's counselling center. Working there will be licensed counselors that are hired by the government. The counseling center provides counseling sessions either group or individual, career test, and peers support.

There are 5 main phases of a counseling process :

Phase 1 
This phase is also known as realization. Realization must be accepted by the school staffs and also the counseling teachers as a problem or a case arise. The first line of defense when it comes to student's problems should always be their class teachers as they are the ones who understands their students better

Phase 2 
All teachers attending the school needs to be trained on guidance counseling courses to help and support a students situation. This way, the burden is distributed and not dependent solely on the licensed counselors as there are only limited number of counselors. Courses taken should include :
- Personality Development Skills
- Listening and Understanding Skills
- Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Skills
- Skills in Identifying Signs
- Theory and Techniques is Counseling


Phase 3
The teachers who have completed the courses will then put them into use. There are 3 types of student counseling sessions that can be done
i) To students who voluntary sign up for counseling
ii) Students who are on an observation period
iii) Identified students that needs counseling

Phase 4
The counseling session begins with these steps :
i) Building a rapport between the student/students and the counselor/teacher
ii) Explore or unpack the purposes of them getting help
iii) Rephrasing and building goals throughout the session on how to get better
iv) Setting up alternatives and an action plan
v) Putting the plan into action and observe
vi) If the plan succeeds, the relationship between the counselor and students end. If not, or the student falls into relapse, then the steps are repeated

Reasons For Counseling :

1- Family Problems

2- Financial Problems

3- Peer Pressure

4- Personal Factors

5- Career

6- Academic Performance

7- University Placement

These are the common factors that affects a student to be stressed and burden. Hence, needing counseling sessions. 

Detailed reads here

Chapter 9 : Classroom Behaviour and Discipline Management

As stated from Chapter 5, there are such system that will be updated by the school on behavioural and disciplinary records. It is also known as SSDM " Sistem Salahlaku Disiplin Murid ".
So how does disciplinary and behaviour are being managed in school ?

Let look at the theories that has been explained in Chapter 1 . We can learn how misbehaving occurs through the three main theories :

Functionalism Theory
The theory believes that the structure of social status attains the harmony of a community. It is said that it is being measure through three aspects : Stability, Harmony and Evolution .
Without these three aspects, a community cannot succeed or move forward. Why such thing happens when the three aspects seems easy ?
When people acts out of the norm where it does not support the aspects that makes a community great, they are called Deviants. And deviants are this entity that changes the social status of the community.    ( Read More )

Conflict Theory
Deviance too exists in the conflict theory. It believes that the power of education will change the nation by segregating social status to equal as they all receive education opportunities. However, the gap between social status could not be bridge, and people who are repressed or considered minorities of the lower social status goes against the system by refusing education. These too are known as Deviants.

Interactionalism Theory 
Deviance happens when people in a community tends to be selfish into not communicating with each other on how they would like to live. Lack of communication and interaction has made the theory proof of deviance happens when the community no longer speaks or communicate in the same wavelength.

So said theories discuss on how deviants are viewed. Now back to the educational point of view, students who commits deductible merit points of doing offence, are actually accountable of being a deviant. A school is a community, and a person who commits offences and goes out of the norm will be accountable for punishment. However, not all punishments are solved in a one-solution manner. They are looked into, discussed by teachers of the Disciplinary Department before taking actions.

Example of records in the SSDM system

All recorded accountable will be recorded online, and it is accessible for the school, teachers and also parents. Guidelines as to what merit point worth can be found here

Chapter 7 : Source Management

There are many sources that can be used while preparing or doing a lesson. Sources in schools are usually obtained from a resource center that is also known locally as "Pusat Sumber". Each government school either primary or secondary school are provided with a space for a resourcing. The resource center is also known as the school's library. However, the library does not just contain books, but it contains :

- Daily or Archived Newspapers

- Public Computers for brief information surf

- A Media Room ( For screening purposes )

- Magazines

- Television

The center is open for all, only that it is accessible to students before school (for evening session students), during recess and also after school until the evening school session ends. 

Classes are not advised to be done in the resource center/library. However, it is encouraged for students to fully utilize the center to find information on upcoming class or individual projects, finding a book to read in their free time by borrowing, or even simply reading the newspaper. Below are some pictures of what the resource center/library looks like

 A sample picture of "Pusat Sumber"

More pictures here !